Table of Contents

1 History, origin and taxonomy of cocoa

2 World cocoa production, processing and chocolate consumption pattern, 17

2.1 Introduction

2.2 World production of cocoa

2.3 Major changes in world cocoa trade

2.4 Cocoa yield in producing countries

2.5 World cocoa grindings trends between 2005–2006 and 2014–2015

2.6 World stocks of cocoa beans

2.7 International cocoa price developments

2.8 Cocoa processing trends

2.9 Cocoa and chocolate consumption

2.10 Fairtrade cocoa and chocolate in the modern confectionery industry

2.11 The organic cocoa in chocolate confectionery industry

2.12 The changing chocolate market

3 Traditional and modern cocoa cultivation practices, 49

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Environmental requirements for cocoa cultivation (Temperature, Rainfall, Soils and nutrition)

3.3 Traditional cocoa cultivation practices

3.4 Modern cocoa cultivation practices using vegetative propagation

3.5 Establishment and shade

3.6 Flowering and pod development

3.7 Harvesting of cocoa pods

3.8 Pod breaking

3.9 The cocoa pod

3.10 Good agricultural practices in cocoa cultivation

4 Cocoa diseases and pests and their effects on chocolate quality, 73

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Major cocoa diseases

4.3 Cocoa pests

4.4 Cocoa crop protection

5 Cocoa bean composition and chocolate flavour development, 80

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Bean composition and flavour precursor formation

5.3 Effects of genotype on cocoa bean flavour

5.4 Flavour development during post-harvest treatments of cocoa

5.5 Conclusion

6 Cocoa processing technology, 102

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Bean selection and quality criteria

6.3 Cocoa quality, grading and storage

6.4 Selection of bean blends and chocolate flavour quality

6.5 Steps in cocoa processing (Cleaning, breaking and winnowing, Sterilization, Alkalization, Roasting, Nib grinding and liquor treatment, Liquor pressing, Cake grinding (kibbling), Cocoa powder production, Cocoa butter)

7 Industrial chocolate manufacture – processes and factors influencing quality, 117

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Chocolate manufacturing processes, (Mixing, Refining, Conching)

7.3 Tempering, lipid crystallization and continuous phase character during chocolate manufacture

7.4 Casting and moulding

7.5 Cooling

7.6 Demoulding

7.7 Wrapping/Packaging

7.8 Factors influencing rheological and textural qualities in chocolate

7.9 Chocolate quality and defects

7.10 Conclusion and further research,

8 The chemistry of flavour development during cocoa processing and chocolate manufacture, 154

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Influence of bean selection on chocolate flavour quality

8.3 Effect of roasting

8.4 Flavour development during chocolate manufacture

8.5 Key flavour compounds in milk chocolate

8.6 Key flavour compounds in dark chocolate

8.7 Conclusion

9 Alternative sweetening and bulking solutions in chocolate manufacture, 171

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Types of sugar substitutes and their characteristics

9.3 High-potency sweeteners

9.4 Bulk sweeteners

9.5 Low-digestible carbohydrate polymers

9.6 Laxation and low–digestible carbohydrate polymers

9.7 Applicability and suitability of different sweeteners and carbohydrate polymers in chocolate processing

9.8 Importance of blending different sugar substitutes

10 Sensory character and flavour perception of chocolates, 202

10.1 Summary and industrial relevance

10.2 Introduction

10.3 Sensory perception of quality in chocolates (Appearance, Texture, Taste, Flavour and aroma)

10.4 Sensory assessment of chocolates

10.5 Factor influencing chocolate flavour

10.6 Flavour release and perception of sweetness in chocolate

10.7 Dynamism of flavour perception in chocolate

10.8 Retronasal flavour release and perception during chocolate consumption

10.9 Measurement of flavour release and intensity in chocolates

10.10 Electronic noses and tongues as online sensors for sensory assessment of chocolates

10.11 Conclusion

11 Nutritional and health benefits of cocoa and chocolate consumption, 223

12 Processing effects on the rheological, textural and melting properties during chocolate manufacture, 236

12.1 Summary and industrial relevance

12.2 Introduction

12.3 Materials and methods

12.4 Results and discussion

12.5 Relationships between Casson model and ICA recommendations

12.6 Textural properties

12.7 Microstructural properties of molten dark chocolate

12.8 Melting properties of dark chocolate

12.9 Relationships between rheological, textural and melting properties of dark chocolate

12.10 Conclusion

13 Tempering behaviour during chocolate manufacture: Effects of varying product matrices, 297

13.1 Summary and industrial relevance

13.2 Introduction

13.3 Materials and methods

13.4 Results and discussion

13.5 Conclusion

14 Tempering and fat crystallization effects on chocolate quality, 317

15 Fat bloom formation and development in chocolates, 345

16 Matrix effects on flavour volatiles character and release in chocolates, 365

17 Process optimization and product quality characteristics during sugar-free chocolate manufacture, 382

18 Food safety management systems in chocolate processing, 399

19 Application of ISO 22000 and hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) in chocolate processing, 416

20 Conclusions and industrial applications, 441